LSTM i GRU — sieci z bramkami pamięci (LSTM and GRU (gated recurrent networks)): Recurrent networks with gating mechanisms that control how information flows into and remains in hidden state. LSTM uses a separate cell state with input, forget and output gates; GRU combines some of these mechanisms in a simpler design with reset and update gates.
Sieci rekurencyjne (RNN) (Recurrent neural networks (RNN)): Networks that process a sequence step by step while carrying a hidden state from the previous step. Classical RNNs can struggle to learn long dependencies because gradients vanish or explode; LSTMs and GRUs mitigate the problem, and transformers have replaced RNNs in many text tasks.
Splot, filtry i pooling (Convolution, filters and pooling): The basic operations of a convolutional network: small filters slide over the image and detect local patterns (edges, textures), and pooling reduces feature-map resolution. Filter size, stride and padding determine the output shape.