Kalibracja pewności modelu (Confidence calibration): Whether a predicted probability or other confidence score matches how often the model is right — e.g. whether 80%-confidence predictions are correct about 80% of the time — and how to correct a mismatch.
Predykcja konformalna (Conformal prediction): Methods that equip any model with prediction sets or intervals having controlled marginal coverage under exchangeable data, without parametric distribution assumptions.
Wykrywanie halucynacji (Hallucination detection): Checking whether a model is inventing facts: against the provided source, against outside knowledge, or by how much its answers vary when the question is repeated.